beam_bounds: Tighten bounds for band, bor, and bxor - #11005

Add fallback clauses for bitwise operations when operand ranges exceed
NUM_BITS or involve sign combinations not previously handled. Values
that exceed NUM_BITS are widened to +inf/-inf via a new cap/1 helper to
keep bounds within the representable range.

For band:
- One non-negative operand: result in [0, cap(B)].
- Both strictly negative: result in [-inf, min(B, D)].
- Both straddling zero: result in [-inf, cap(max(B, D))].
- Both non-negative exceeding NUM_BITS: [0, cap(min(B, D))].

For bor:
- Both non-negative exceeding NUM_BITS: [0, +inf].
- Both non-positive exceeding NUM_BITS: [-inf, 0].

For bxor:
- Both non-negative exceeding NUM_BITS: [0, +inf].
- One strictly negative, one non-negative: [-inf, -1].

These tighter bounds enable the compiler to eliminate dead branches in
code that performs comparisons after bitwise operations. For example,
given:

    %% bxor with one negative, one non-negative: result is always negative.
    bxor_negative(X, Y) when is_integer(X), X >= 0,
                             is_integer(Y), Y < 0 ->
        Z = X bxor Y,
        case Z < 0 of
            true -> negative;
            false -> non_negative
        end.

    %% band with both negative: result is always negative.
    band_neg(X, Y) when is_integer(X), X < 0,
                        is_integer(Y), Y < 0 ->
        Z = X band Y,
        case Z < 0 of
            true -> negative;
            false -> non_negative
        end.

The compiler previously emitted:

    {function, bxor_negative, 2, 4}.
      {label,3}.
        {line,[{location,"test_bounds_example.erl",16}]}.
        {func_info,{atom,test_bounds_example},{atom,bxor_negative},2}.
      {label,4}.
        {test,is_integer,{f,3},[{x,0}]}.
        {test,is_ge,{f,3},[{tr,{x,0},{t_integer,any}},{integer,0}]}.
        {test,is_integer,{f,3},[{x,1}]}.
        {test,is_ge,{f,3},[{integer,-1},{tr,{x,1},{t_integer,any}}]}.
        {line,[{location,"test_bounds_example.erl",18}]}.
        {gc_bif,'bxor',
                {f,0},
                2,
                [{tr,{x,0},{t_integer,{0,'+inf'}}},
                 {tr,{x,1},{t_integer,{'-inf',-1}}}],
                {x,0}}.
        {test,is_ge,{f,5},[{integer,-1},{tr,{x,0},{t_integer,any}}]}.
        {move,{atom,negative},{x,0}}.
        return.
      {label,5}.
        {move,{atom,non_negative},{x,0}}.
        return.

    {function, band_neg, 2, 7}.
      {label,6}.
        {line,[{location,"test_bounds_example.erl",25}]}.
        {func_info,{atom,test_bounds_example},{atom,band_neg},2}.
      {label,7}.
        {test,is_integer,{f,6},[{x,0}]}.
        {test,is_ge,{f,6},[{integer,-1},{tr,{x,0},{t_integer,any}}]}.
        {test,is_integer,{f,6},[{x,1}]}.
        {test,is_ge,{f,6},[{integer,-1},{tr,{x,1},{t_integer,any}}]}.
        {line,[{location,"test_bounds_example.erl",27}]}.
        {gc_bif,'band',
                {f,0},
                2,
                [{tr,{x,0},{t_integer,{'-inf',-1}}},
                 {tr,{x,1},{t_integer,{'-inf',-1}}}],
                {x,0}}.
        {test,is_ge,{f,8},[{integer,-1},{tr,{x,0},{t_integer,any}}]}.
        {move,{atom,negative},{x,0}}.
        return.
      {label,8}.
        {move,{atom,non_negative},{x,0}}.
        return.

and it now emits:

    {function, bxor_negative, 2, 4}.
      {label,3}.
        {line,[{location,"test_bounds_example.erl",16}]}.
        {func_info,{atom,test_bounds_example},{atom,bxor_negative},2}.
      {label,4}.
        {test,is_integer,{f,3},[{x,0}]}.
        {test,is_ge,{f,3},[{tr,{x,0},{t_integer,any}},{integer,0}]}.
        {test,is_integer,{f,3},[{x,1}]}.
        {test,is_ge,{f,3},[{integer,-1},{tr,{x,1},{t_integer,any}}]}.
        {move,{atom,negative},{x,0}}.
        return.

    {function, band_neg, 2, 6}.
      {label,5}.
        {line,[{location,"test_bounds_example.erl",25}]}.
        {func_info,{atom,test_bounds_example},{atom,band_neg},2}.
      {label,6}.
        {test,is_integer,{f,5},[{x,0}]}.
        {test,is_ge,{f,5},[{integer,-1},{tr,{x,0},{t_integer,any}}]}.
        {test,is_integer,{f,5},[{x,1}]}.
        {test,is_ge,{f,5},[{integer,-1},{tr,{x,1},{t_integer,any}}]}.
        {move,{atom,negative},{x,0}}.
        return.